medio nursing

 Ga ngrene- Definition- Gangrene refer to the death of body tissue due to lack of blood flow or bacterial infection. causes- * infection * tight bandage / plaster * injury * heat /cold * Obstructive in blood  vessels  ex. arteriosclerosis , thrombus formation , buerger's disease. Type- (1). Dry gangrene - I t is characterised by dry and shrived skin ranging in color from brown to purple- blue to black. it occur due to blood vessel disease  ex. atherosclerosis or arterial obstruction. ( 2). Wet gangrene- S welling , blistering and a wet appearance are common feature of wet gangrene. it can develop after a severe burn, frostbite or injury. it occur usually in diabetic patient who unknowingly injure a toe or foot. (3). Gas gangrene- T hey affects deep muscle tissue. skin may become pale and purplish red colour. A bubbly appearance with the bacterium clostridium. Management- * Surgery ( removal of dead tissue ...

                                    Incontinence- Inability of body to control the evacuative function of urination or defecation is called incontinence.  It may be following type : * Faecal incontinence - Involuntary excretion of bowel contents * Urinary incontinence - Involuntary excretion of urine. Causes- * Polyuria [ excessive urine production ] * Caffeine or cola beverages * Enlarged prostate * Neurological disorder also interfere with nerve function of bladder Ex. multiple sclerosis , spinal bifida , parkinson's disease , strokes , spinal cord injury. Treatment - * Behaviour management * Bladder retraining * Medication Ex. fesoterodine , tolterodine , oxybutynin * correct diagnosis and treatment of causes * surgical intervention may be used. For more detail or information Subscribe our YouTube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkslp_3...

                                                                          S hock- Definition- Shock is a medical emergency in which the organ and tissue of the body are not receiving blood flow. Type- 1. Cardiogenic shock [ associated with heart problems ]. 2. Hypovolemic shock [ caused by inadequate blood volume ]. 3. Anaphylactic shock [ caused by allergic reaction ]. 4. Septic shock [ associated with infection ]. 5. Neurogenic shock [ caused by damage to nervous systems ]. Signs and Symptoms - * Anxiety * Chest pain * Shallow breathing  * Bluish lips and finger nails * Nausea and Vomiting * Unconsciousness Causes- * Heart failure * Dehydration * Severe allergic reaction * Decrease urine output * Fast heart rate * Distended jugu...

Dyspnea - definition - It mean felling of breathlessness or breathing difficulty due to respiratory or heart diseases. causes- * Asthma * pneumonia * Cardiac ischemia * Lung disease * CHF * COPD * psychogenic causes Signs And symptoms - * Hypotension * Tracheal deviation * Cyanosis * Hypoxemia * Stridor * Absent breath sound Treatment - * Treatment of shortness of breath is based on underlying causes. * Administer Oxygen. * Provide fowler position. * Opioids drug also useful in shortness of breathing. For More Information   Subscribe our YouTube channel   https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkslp_3166fdFyVybjdcaTQ

                                                        Constipation  - Definition  - Constipation refers to stool or faeces become harder and more difficult to pass.  It occur when bowel movement become difficult or less frequent. Causes   - - Inadequate water intake  - A disruption of regular diet or routine , travelling  - Eating large amount of dairy product - Stress - Resisting the urge to have a bowel movement. which is sometime the results pain from haemorrhoids. - Over use of laxatives - Neurological condition ( parkinsonism , multiple sclerosis )  - Drugs ( narcotics , anti-depressant ,  irons pills) - Inadequate fiber in diet - Irritable bowel syndrome - pregnancy - Colon cancer - Old age Sign & Symptoms  ...

Vomiting  - Definition  - It is the forceful expulsion of the stomach contents through the mouth and sometimes the nose. Causes  - - gastritis  - brain tumours - intense pain - heart attack - ulcers - motion sickness - increase intracranial pressure  - reaction to certain smells or odours - ingestion of toxins or excessive intake of  alcohol -  poisoning - medication - over eating - brain injury - some cancers - gall bladder disease - early stages of pregnancy Management  - * Anti-emetics drug ex. domperidone * Advice to take plenty of fluids to reduce dehydration * Oral rehydration salts also given Prevention of Nausea  - * Eat little meals throughout the day instead of three large meals. * Eat  slowly. * Avoid hard to digest food. * Consume food that are cold at room temperature * Rest after eating with the head elevated about 1 feet about foot ( legs )...

                                       Inflammatio n → Definition - Inflammation is a response of a tissue to injury, often injury caused by invading pathogen. It is characterised by- * Swelling * pain * Increase blood flow to the tissue  * Redness  * increase Temperature Causes - - heat / cold  - chemical irritants - x rays - frostbite - infection by pathogens - hypersensitivity reaction - foreign body - burns - radiation  - trauma - toxins - physical injury  - alcohol Type - - Appendicitis - otitis - meningitis - colitis - rhinitis - vasculitis - sinusitis - pancreatitis - cystitis - phlebitis -  tonsillitis - dermatitis.  According to onset , it is divided into two : 1. Acute ( Rapid onset due to pathogens and              in...